Wireless Decentralised FL
FedAVG · FedSGD · FedProx
9 Schedulers
idle
Round
0
/
50
FL Algorithm
FedAVG
FedSGD
FedProx
Scheduler
Max-Min
Max-Max
Random
Round Robin
DCC (Cluster)
Grover (Quantum)
Spatially-Indep.
Beamforming
Virtual MIMO UL
Channel
Rayleigh
AWGN
Rician
BS Cooperation (CoMP)
Mobility — Lévy Walk
Enable Lévy Walk (Lien et al. 2026)
UE speed
1.4m/s
Round duration
5s
Lévy α (flight exp.)
1.8
Topology
UEs
20
Base Stations
3
UEs selected / round
8
Training
Rounds
50
Local epochs (E)
5
Learning rate η
0.050
FedProx μ
0.010
Non-IID α
0.50
Channel
Path loss exp.
3.5
SNR threshold
5dB
Simulation
Speed
3x
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Legend
Cell Tower (BS)
UE (idle)
UE (selected)
UE trail
→
Lévy walk direction
SNR ≥ 15 dB (good)
SNR 5–15 dB (med)
SNR < 5 dB (poor)
Loss
Accuracy (scaled)
Global Metrics
Loss
—
Accuracy
—
Avg SNR
—
Selected
—
Round Comm. Cost
—
UE SNR (uplink)